solubility curves

Let us learn about solubility curves

a) Solubility curves give a general idea about the ability of a solute to dissolve in water, at different temperatures.

b) The solubility of the solute at any temperature, between the mentioned highest & lowest temperatures, can be more or less accurately read.

c) The mass of crystals deposited, when a saturated solution cooled from a higher to a lower temperature& can be calculated.

Best Example

As per the given graph, the solubility of potassium nitrate at 60^oC= 110 g and at 50^oC = 91 g.

Therefore, by cooling a saturated solution of potassium nitrate containing 100 g of water from 60^oC to 50^oC, 19 g of the solute (110 g - 91 g) is deposited in the form of crystals.

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guttation

Let us learn about guttation

Guttation is referred as the appearance of drops of xylem sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular plants, best example grasses. Guttation is not to be confused with dew that condenses from the atmosphere onto the plant surface.

The loss of excess water in liquid drops from margins of leaves of plants, when root pressure is high & transpiration is low.

• This method is very common during warm humid nights.

• This method occurs in plants growing in high soil moisture.

• Guttation occurs through specialized pores known as hydathodes present near the vein endings.

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diluting acid

Let us learn about diluting acid

Properties of dilute nitric acid

1. The color of the dilute nitric acid differs from colorless to yellowish liquid.

2. Dilute nitric acid has suffocating & acrid odor.

3. Dilute nitric Acid is always infinitely soluble in water.

4. Specific gravity of dilute nitric acid is always 1.41

5. Dilute nitric acid boils at 122⁰C & melts at -42⁰C .

6. Dilute nitric acid is stable under ordinary conditions but containers may burst when heated.

7. Being a strong acid dilute nitric acid reacts with alkalis, basic oxides & carbonates to form salts.

8. When dilute nitric acid is reacts with steam & water it produces toxic & corrosive fumes.

9. dilute nitric acid has -1.4 acid dissociation constant

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water absorption

Let us learn about water absorption

The quantity of water absorbed by a composite material, when immersed in water occurs for a stipulated period of time. The ratio of weighted water absorbed by a material so to the weight of the dry materials. All organic polymeric materials will fascinate moisture to some extent resulting in swelling, leaching, dissolving, plasticizing and/or hydrolyzing, events which can result in discoloration, embitterment, loss of mechanical and electrical properties, lower resistance to heat and weathering and stress cracking

Water absorption is used to determine the quantity of water absorbed under specified conditions. Factors affecting water absorption consist: type of plastic, additives used, temperature & length of exposure. The data sheds light on the implementation of the materials in water or humid environments.

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physics classroom tutorial

Let us learn about physics classroom tutorial

Physics classroom tutorial is a science which deals with matter & energy & their interactions; physics classroom tutorial can be really hard to visualize such things as Newton's Laws, sound waves, or refractions of light. The physics classroom tutorial helps students learn basic Physics concepts through tutoring especially for high school students. Each lesson provides an opportunity to assess student mastery of the material & they can check their understanding with quizzes. Student can get help with 1-D Kinematics, Motion & Forces in 2 Dimension, Circular Motion, Light Waves & Color, & much more. Visit the Multimedia Physics Studio to visualize student lessons, or hone in your skills by completing graphing problems, recognizing forces, identifying vector magnitude & direction, & practicing vector addition. These simplified explanations & colorful visual demonstrations will make student wonder why Physics was such a complicated subject in the first place!

Physics classroom tutorial is an online physics tutoring written for introductory physics students & tutors. Through individual lessons & accompanying quizzes, multimedia, & problem solving help, this very informative site covers physics from Newton's Laws to Refraction. The Multimedia & Shockwave Physics Studios give excellent animations & movies which allow students to reinforce their learning through visualizations. The review & problem solving modules help students study & the tutor tools provide lessons & student activities.

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chemical properties of oxygen

Let us learn about chemical properties of oxygen

Oxygen is the important element in the respiratory processes of most of the living cells & in combustion processes.

Oxygen gas supports combustion, combines with most elements, & oxygen is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds.

Oxygen gas can be separated from air by fractionated liquefaction & distillation.

Oxygen is a reactive oxidizing agent.

Its Para magnetism is very strong.

Liquid oxygen is also considered as slightly paramagnetic.

Ozone is a highly reactive & powerful reactive agent. Oxygen gas is a colorless, odorless gas with the molecular formula O2, in which the 2 oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other. Oxygen has atomic number eight & it is represented by the symbol O. Oxygen is a member of the halogens group on the periodic table, & it is a highly reactive nonmetallic period 2 element which readily forms compounds with almost all other elements. Atomic Number of oxygen: 8 Atomic Radius: 66 pm Atomic Symbol: O Melting Point of oxygen: -218.79 C Atomic Weight of oxygen: 15.9994 Boiling Point of oxygen: -182.95

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chemistry tutors

Let us learn about skills of chemistry tutors

Chemistry is a very important subject & Chemistry is essential if you are planning to read medicine, dentistry or pharmacy at university. Chemistry tutors begins with the fundamentals & gives expert help with the most difficult phases of understanding your first course in chemistry. Chemistry tutors is not necessarily a complete text for your course or a complete outline, but we are proud to offer some insightful help in the parts of primary chemistry that have been, from our experience, the hardest for students to grasp. Chemistry tutors can be a part of a course of study for independent students, a resource for chemistry teachers, a review, or a tutoring program for students taking high school or basic college chemistry.

Chemistry tutors is a teacher that is able to help the student gain a working understanding of the subject matter.

A good chemistry tutors is able to quickly assess the student's needs and help fill in gaps and/or help the student to have a understanding so they are able to do their homework themselves.

A good chemistry tutors is 1 who can work with each student individually to address his or her specific needs. A good chemistry tutors will motivate, encourages, & inspire. A good chemistry tutors is able to explain complex concepts in a way that makes them seem simple or clear.

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amorphous carbon

Let us learn about amorphous carbon

Amorphous carbon reactive carbon is an allotrope of carbon which does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, certain short-range order can be observed. Amorphous carbon is frequently abbreviated to aC for general amorphous carbon, aC:H for hydrogenated amorphous carbon, or to ta-C for tetrahedral amorphous carbon

Amorphous forms of carbons includes of coal, charcoal & carbon black. Millions of years ago, due to geographical changes, plants were buried under the earth crust. High temperature & absence of air converted them to coal is a complex material consisting mainly of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds. Amorphous carbon contains 60 to 90% carbon together, oxygen. Nitrogen, sulphur, aluminium & silicon when coal is heated at high temperature, it decomposes producing a variety of gases and liquid products. The mixture of gases that are largely methane, hydrogen & carbon monoxide is known as coal gas & the mixture of liquids containing hydrocarbons other organic compounds is known as coal tar. The solid residue left during this process is known as coke. It contains 90 to 95% carbon.

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coelenterata

Let us learn about coelenterata

Coelenterata is referred as an obsolete long term encompassing 2 animal phyla, the Ctenophora & the Cnidaria. Coelenterate comes from the Greek word "koilos” referring to the hollow body cavity common to these 2 phyla. Coelenterata have very simple tissue organization, with only 2 layers of cells, external & internal.

The term coelenterate is recognized as scientifically valid, as the Cnidaria & Ctenophora have placed at equal rank under the Metazoa with the other phyla of animals. Cnidaria means "to sting" A single term encompassing these 2 phyla but leaving out all others of equal rank would be considered polyphyletic. However, the term coelenterate is used in informal settings to refer to the Cnidaria & Ctenophora.

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aldehyde oxidation

Let us learn about aldehyde oxidation

An aldehyde is refereed as an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the structure R-CHO, includes a carbonyl centre bonded to hydrogen & an R group. Aldehydes are commonly engendered by alcohol oxidation.

Many aldehydes are used in large-scale industrial materials, perfume ingredients, useful as solvents, monomers, & intermediates

Ketones are not oxidized under these situations as they lack the critical H for the elimination to occur. Aldehydes can be generated by oxidation of primary alcohols. Aldehydes are oxidized only to carboxylic acids

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polar and nonpolar covalent bonds

Let us learn about polar and nonpolar covalent bonds

Covalent bond is a bond in that the electrons are shared by the partner atoms.

Polar bond is simply a type of covalent bond in that the electrons are

shared but not equally. 

The greater the electro negativity difference, the more ionic the bond is. Bonds which are partly ionic are said to be polar covalent bonds.

Nonpolar covalent bonds Cl-Cl. since the 2 atoms are identical, they will share electrons equally.

Polar covalent bonds: H-O-H oxygen is an "electron hog" & so the electrons will spend more time with the oxygen than with the hydrogen, sharing unequally.

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s element

Let us learn about s element

The s- Block Elements of the periodic table of elements consists of the 1st 2 groups, the alkali metals & alkaline earth metals + hydrogen & helium.

The d block elements fall between the p block & the s block. They share the common characteristics in which the d sublevel of the atom is being filled

The s- Block Elements or metals such as Na and Ca have s electrons which are easily lost, but the ionization energies of the inner electrons are very high that they are never lost in chemical reactions. Hence the oxidation number of sodium is always +1 & calcium is always +2

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propanone

Let us learn about propanone

propanone includes the formula C₃H₆O as the middle carbon atom has a double bond O attached. Propanol includes the formula C₃H₇OH & the OH group can be on any carbon atom. If the OH group is on the 2nd carbon atom & the propanol is then oxidised then the hydrogen attached to the oxygen, & the hydrogen attached to the 2nd carbon are removed & propanone is preduced

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respiratory quotient

Let us learn about respiratory quotient

Respiratory Quotient: RQ is the sum of carbon dioxide produced by an organism in a given time divided by the sum of oxygen consumed at the same time. Different respiratory substrates the organic substance that is used to produce respiration different values for the respiratory quotient.

RQ= Amount (Volume) of carbon dioxide evolved

Amount (Volume) of oxygen absorbed

RQ = 2co2 = Infinity (R)

oo2

The ratio of the amount (volume) of carbon dioxide released to the volume of oxygen consumed by a living body tissue or an organism in a given duration.

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animalia

Let us learn about animalia

The original Animal Kingdom proposed by Linnaeus included the sponges, jelly fishes, worms, crabs, insects, protozoans, spiders, snails, starfishes, sharks, bony fishes, frogs, lizards, birds & mammals too. Animalia is an illustrated kid's book by Graeme Base. Animalia was published in 1986.

The animal body basically exhibits a definite symmetry form & shape.

• Animals have the ability to move from place to place in search of their necessities.

• Growth & development in animals is determined & occurs proportionately in all parts of the body.

• Animals are generally heterotrophic, depends on plants & other animals for food

• Animals have the property of irritability - the ability to respond to a stimulus.

• The cells, that form an animal's body, do not have a cell wall. Plastids & vacuoles are basically absent & centrioles & lysosomes are present.

• Animal cells cannot synthesize all the necessary vitamins, amino acids, & coenzymes & as such will have to obtain them from external sources.

• Store food is glycogen.

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